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Translations  and  Reprints 


FROM  THE 


Original  Sources  of  European  History 


THE  MEDI/EVAL  STUDENT 


EDITED  BY  DANA  CARLTON  MUNRO,  A.  M, 


REVISED  EDITION 


PUBLISHED  BY 
The  Department  of  History  of  the-  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


Sold  by  the  Department"  of  History,  "University  "or  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia; 
or  LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

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TRANSLATIONS  AND  REPRINTS 


FROM  THE 

ORIGINAL  SOURCES  OF  EUROPEAN  HISTORY. 

VOL.  II.  THE  MEDIEVAL  STUDENT.  No.  3. 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

L      PRIVILEGES  OF  THE  STUDENTS. 

Privilege  of  Frederick  I.  for  the  Students.     1158,          .      2 
Privilege  of  Philip  Augustus  in  favor  of  the  Students 

at  Paris.     1200,  .  .  .  .  .4 

Statutes  of  Gregory  IX.  for  the  University  of  Paris, 

1231,  7 

II.       THE  COURSES  OF  STUDY. 

Statutes  of  Robert  de  Courcou  for  Paris.     1215,  .     12 

Library  of  Theological  Books  given  to  the  University 

of  Paris.     1271,  .  .  .  .  .15 

The  Course  in  Medicine.     1270-74,          .  .  .     16 

III.  CONDEMNATION  OF  ERRORS. 

Ten  Errors  Condemned  at  Paris.     1241,  .  .     17 

IV.  LIFE  OF  THE  STUDENTS. 

Account  of  Students  given  by  Jacques  de  Vitry,  .     19 

V.       BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTE,     .  .  .  .  .  .21 

In  order  to  give  greater  unity  to  this  short  pamphlet,  the  editor  has 
selected  material  for  the  period  before  1300  and  almost  exclusively  for  the 
University  of  Paris.  This  was  the  great  model  for  later  universities. 
Bologna  was  copied  b}'  most  of  the  Italian  universities,  by  Montpellier  and 
Grenoble  in  France,  and  to  some  extent  by  the  universities  of  Spain.  Paris 
was  the  model  followed  by  other  French  universities,  by  the  English,  Ger- 
man, and  for  the  most  part  by  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese.  Duboulay 
could  say  with  truth  that  most  of  the  others  were  daughters  of  the  mother 
university  in  Paris.  See  Rashdall,  passim;  Denifle,  132,  760  et passim  under 
the  different  universities;  and  Compayre",  61  ff. 


AND  REPRINTS. 

I.  PRIVILEGES  OF  THE  STUDENTS. 

The  students  of  the  French  universities  were  considered  to  be  members  of 
the  church  and  were  styled  clerici.  They  enjoyed  the  same  privileges  as 
the  other  members  of  the  church.  In  addition,  both  kings  and  popes 
granted  privileges;  the  kings  were  anxious  to  keep  the  students  in  their 
domains;  the  popes,  by  their  grants,  brought  the  students  more  directly 
under  the  authority  of  the  church,  and  thus  increased  their  own  power. 
Many  of  the  popes,  too,  had  studied  at  the  universities. 

Frederick's  grant  is  often  called  the  first  privilege  to  a  university;  and  it 
is  generally  said  it  was  enacted  for  Bologna.  Although  it  may  have  been 
obtained  by  the  influence  of  the  Bolognese  doctors,  it  was  granted  to  students 
in  general;  Bologna  is  not  named.  The  historical  poem  on  which  Giese- 
brecht  and  Winkelmann  relied  to  prove  that  it  was  for  Bologna  is  undoubt- 
edly a  forgery.  A  good  discussion  of  this  privilege  can  be  found  in  Denifle; 
Universitaten  des  Mittelalters,  I,  48  ff,  and  133  ff,  and  in  Rashdall,  I,  145  f. 

The  first  royal  privilege  for  Paris,  which  has  been  preserved,  was  granted 
by  Philip  Augustus.  In  it  we  find  him  supporting  the  students  against  his 
own  officer,  the  provost.  We  must  always  remember  that  in  those  days, 
when  there  were  no  university  buildings,  it  was  very  easy  for  a  whole  uni- 
versity to  decamp,  and  that  this  sometimes  happened.  The  departure  of 
the  students  was  a  real  blow  to  the  prosperity  of  any  city. 

Gregory's  statutes  have  been  called  the  Magna  Charta  of  the  University  of 
Paris.  Here  we  find  the  pope,  too,  supporting  the  students  against  his  own 
officer,  the  chancellor.  The  students  had  actually  dispersed  and  had  taken 
an  oath  not  to  return.  By  this  act  the  pope  established  their  privileges 
firmly,  in  spite  of  opposition  from  the  queen.  Possibly  the  most  curious 
privilege  is  the  right  to  suspend  all  courses.  This  was  so  much  abused  that, 
in  1256,  Alexander  IV.  tried  to  modify  it  (Chart.  I,  No.  284),  but  to  little 
purpose.  It  was  the  most  effective  weapon  that  the  university  could  wield, 
and  was  used  on  the  slightest  provocation.  This  privilege  was  restricted  by 
Pius  II,  and  was  lost  in  1499. 

Compayre"  has  a  well-written  chapter  on  the  privileges  of  the  universities 
in  his  "  Abelard  and  the  Origin  and  Early  History  of  Universities."  The 
subject  is  also  discussed  at  length  and  with  great  learning  by  Rashdall,  es- 
pecially in  Vol.  I. 

PRIVILEGE  OF  FREDERICK  I.  FOR  THE  STUDENTS.    1158. 
Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  LL...II.  H41.  Latin. 

After  a  careful  consideration  of  this  subject  by  the  bishops, 
abbots,  dukes,  counts,  judges,  and  other  nobles  of  our  sacred  palace, 

1  According  to  Denifle  I,  50,  the  text  of  this  document  in  the  Monumenta 
fe  very  defective.  1  have  not  had  access  to  any  better  edition. 


PRIVILEGE  OF  FREDERICK   I.  FOR  THE  STUDENTS.  3 

we,  from  our  piety,  have  granted  this  privilege  to  all  scholars  who 
travel  for  the  sake  of  study,  and  especially,  to  the  professors1  of 
divine  and  sacred  laws,  namely,  that  they  may  go  in  safety  to  the 
places  in  which  the  studies  are  carried  on,  both  they  themselves 
and  their  messengers,  and  may  dwell  there  in  security.  For  we 
think  it  fitting  that,  during  good  behavior,  those  should  enjoy 
our  praise  and  protection,  by  whose  learning  the  world  is  en- 
lightened to  the  obedience  of  God  and  of  us,  his  ministers  and 
the  life  of  the  subjects  is  moulded;  and  by  a  certain  special  love 
we  defend  them  from  all  injuries. 

For  who  does  not  pity  those  who  exile  themselves  through  love 
for  learning,  who  wear  themselves  out  in  poverty  in  place  of  riches, 
who  expose  their  lives  to  all  perils  and  often  suffer  bodily  injury 
from  the  vilest  men — this  must  be  endured  with  vexation.  There- 
fore, we  declare  by  this  general  and  ever  to  be  valid  law,  that  in 
the  future  no  one  shall  be  so  rash  as  to  venture  to  inflict  any  in- 
jury on  scholars,  or  to  occasion  any  loss  to  them  on  account  of  a 
debt  owed  by  an  inhabitant  of  their  province — a  thing  which  we 
have  learned  is  sometimes  done  by  an  evil  custom.  And  let  it  be 
known  to  the  violators  of  this  constitution,  and  also  to  those  who 
shall  at  the  time  be  the  rulers  of  the  places,  that  a  four-fold  resti- 
tution of  property  shall  be  exacted  from  all  and  that,  the  mark  of 
infamy  being  affixed  to  them  by  the  law  itself,  they  shall  lose 
their  office  forever. 

Moreover,  if  any  one  shall  presume  to  bring  a  suit  against  them 
on  account  of  any  business,  the  choice  in  this  matter  shall  be 
given  to  the  scholars,  who  may  summon  the  accusers  to  appear 
before  their  professors*  or  the  bishop  of  the  city,  to  whom  we  have 
given  jurisdiction  in  this  matter.  But  if,  in  sooth,  the  accuser 
shall  attempt  to  drag  the  scholar  before  another  judge,  even  if  his 
cause  is  a  very  just  one,  he  shall  lose  his  suit  for  such  an  attempt. 

1  The  use  of  this  word  has  given  rise  to  much  discussion.  Savigny  thinks 
the  privilege  is  intended  especially  for  the  professors  of  law  at  Bologna. 
But  the  wording  in  the  other  passages  shows  that  the  privilege  was  intended 
for  the  scholars.  The  best  brief  discussion  is  in  Denifle  I,  56  ff. 

'The  Latin  reads,  coram  domino  aut  magistro  suo  vel  ipsius  civitatis 
episcopo.  Dominus  probably  applies  to  the  instructor  in  law  and  magister 
to  the  instructor  in  the  other  branches,  so  I  have  rendered  the  two  by  "pro- 
fessor," following  Denifle  I,  58. 


4  TRANSLATIONS  AND  REPRINTS. 

We  also  order  this  law  to  be  inserted  among  the  imperial  con- 
stitutions under  the  title,  nefilius  pro  patre,  etc. 

Given  at  Roncaglia,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1158,  in  the  month 
of  November. 


PRIVILEGE  OF  PHILIP  AUGUSTUS  IN  FA  VOR  OF  THE 
STUDENTS  AT  PARIS?    1200. 

Chartularium  Universitatis  Parisiensis  I,  No.  I,  p.  59.     Latin. 

In  the  Name  of  the  sacred  and  indivisible  Trinity,  amen. 
Philip,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King  of  the  French.  Let  all  men 
know,  now  and  in  the  future,  that  for  the  terrible  crime  owing  to 
which  five  of  the  clergy  and  laity  at  Paris  were  killed  by  certain 
malefactors,  we  shall  do  justice  as  follows:  that  Thomas,  then 
provost,  concerning  whom  more  than  all  others  the  students  have 
complained,  because  he  denies  the  deed,  we  shall  consign  to  per- 
petual imprisonment,  in  close  confinement,  with  meagre  fare,  as 
long  as  he  shall  live;  unless,  perchance,  he  shall  choose  to 
undergo  publicly  at  Paris  the  ordeal  by  water.  If  he  attempts 
that  and  fails,  he  shall  be  condemned.  If  he  succeeds,  never 
henceforth  at  Paris  nor  anywhere  else  in  our  own  land  shall  he  be 
our  provost  or  bailiff ;  nor  elsewhere,  if  we  are  able  to  prevent  it ; 
nor  shall  he  in  the  future  enter  Paris. 

And  if  through  the  full  and  legal  examination,  which  we  have 
entrusted  to  two  of  our  faithful  servants,  Walter,  the  chamberlain, 
and  Philip  de  L,evis  [to  be  conducted]  without  making  any  ex- 
ception of  persons,  by  the  invocation  of  the  Christian  faith  and 
by  the  fidelity  which  they  owe  to  us,  their  liege  lord,  and  through 
the  oath  which  they  have  sworn  to  us  concerning  our  honor  and 
advice,  we  are  able  to  learn  what  further  we  can  and  ought  to  do 
in  the  matter,  we  will  do  it  without  any  hesitation,  for  God's 
honor  and  our  own.  Moreover,  concerning  the  others  who  are  in 
prison  for  the  same  crime,  we  will  act  thus :  we  will  detain  them 
in  perpetual  imprisonment,  in  our  custody,  unless  they  prefer  to 
undergo  the  ordeal  by  water  and  to  prove  their  innocence  by 
God's  witness.  If  they  fail  in  that,  we  shall  consider  them  con- 
demned ;  unless,  perchance,  some  of  them  having  been  fully  tried 

1  See  Rashdall,  I,  296,  or  Roger  de  Hoveden,  in  Rolls  Series,  IV,  120,  for 
the  cause  of  this  decree. 


PRIVILEGE  OF  PHILIP  AUGUSTUS.  5 

shall  be  found  innocent,  or  being  found  less  guilty,  shall  be  freed 
from  captivity  by  us,  on  the  intercession  of  the  scholars.1  Those, 
moreover,  who  have  fled  we  consider  ipso  facto  condemned,  and  we 
shall  cause  all  the  counts  in  our  land  to  swear  that  they  will  dili- 
gently seek  them  out  and  if  they  are  able  to  seize  any  one  of  them, 
they  will  seize  him  and  send  him  to  us  at  Paris. 

Also,  concerning  the  safety  of  the  students  at  Paris  in  the 
future,  by  the  advice  of  our  subjects  we  have  ordained  as  follows: 
we  will  cause  all  the  citizens  of  Paris  to  swear  that  if  any  one  sees 
an  injury  done  to  any  student  by  any  layman,  he  will  testify 
truthfully  to  this,  nor  will  any  one  withdraw  in  order  not  to  see 
[the  act].  And  if  it  shall  happen  that  any  one  strikes  a  student, 
except  in  self-defense,  especially  if  he  strikes  the  student  with  a 
weapon,  a  club  or  a  stone,  all  laymen  who  see  [the  act]  shall  in 
good  faith  seize  the  malefactor  or  malefactors  and  deliver  them  to 
our  judge;  nor  shall  they  withdraw  in  order  not  to  see  the  act, 
or  seize  the  malefactor,  or  testify  to  the  truth.  Also,  whether  the 
malefactor  is  seized  in  open  crime  or  not,  we  will  make  a  legal 
and  full  examination  through  clerks  .or  laymen  or  certain  lawful 
persons;  and  our  count  and  our  judges  shall  do  the  same.  And  if 
by  a  full  examination  we  or  our  judges  are  able  to  learn  that  he 
who  is  accused,  is  guilty  of  the  crime,  then  we  or  our  judges  shall 
immediately  inflict  a  penalty,  according  to  the  quality  and  nature 
of  the  crime;  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  criminal  may  deny 
the  deed  and  say  that  he  is  ready  to  defend  himself  in  single  com- 
bat, or  to  purge  himself  by  the  ordeal  by  water. 

Also,  neither  our  provost  nor  our  judges  shall  lay  hands  on  a 
student  for  any  offence  whatever;  nor  shall  they  place  him  in  our 
prison,  unless  such  a  crime  has  been  committed  by  the  student, 
that  he  ought  to  be  arrested.  And  in  that  case,  our  judge  shall 
arrest  him  on  the  spot,  without  striking  him  at  all,  unless  he  re- 
sists, and  shall  hand  him  over  to  the  ecclesiastical  judge,  who 
ought  to  guard  him  in  order  to  satisfy  us  and  the  one  suffering 
the  injury.  And  if  a  serious  crime  has  been  committed,  our  judge 
shall  go  or  shall  send  to  see  what  is  done  with  the  student.  If, 
indeed,  the  student  does  not  resist  arrest  and  yet  suffers  any  in- 
jury, we  will  exact  satisfaction  for  it,  according  to  the  aforesaid 

1  Students  asked  to  be  allowed  to  settle  the  matter  for  themselves  by 
flogging  them  "after  the  manner  of  scholars." 


6  TRANSLATIONS  AND  REPRINTS. 

examination  and  the  aforesaid  oath.  Also  our  judges  shall  not 
lay  hands  on  the  chattels 1  of  the  students  at  Paris  for  any  crime 
whatever.  But  if  it  shall  seem  that  these  ought  to  be  sequestrated, 
they  shall  be  sequestrated  and  guarded  after  sequestration  by  the 
ecclesiastical  judge,  in  order  that  whatever  is  judged  legal  by  the 
church,  may  be  done  with  the  chattels.  But  if  students  are  ar- 
rested by  our  count  at  such  an  hour  that  the  ecclesiastical  judge 
can  not  be  found  and  be  present  at  once,  our  provost  shall  cause 
the  culprits  to  be  guarded  in  some  student's  house  without  any 
ill-treatment,  as  is  said  above,  until  they  are  delivered  to  the 
ecclesiastical  judge. 

Concerning  the  lay  servants  of  the  students,  who  do  not  owe  to 
us  burgensiam*  or  residential,  and  do  not  live  by  traffic,  and 
through  whom  the  scholars  do  not  do  any  injury  to  any  one,  it 
shall  be  as  follows :  neither  we  nor  our  judge  shall  lay  hands  on 
them  unless  they  commit  an  open  crime,  for  which  we  or  our  judge 
ought  to  arrest  them.  In  accordance,  truly,  with  the  tenor  of  the 
privilege  which  we  have  granted  to  the  students  at  Paris,  we  are 
not  willing  that  the  canons  of  Paris  and  their  servants  should  be 
included  in  this  privilege.  But  we  wish  the  servants  of  the 
canons  at  Paris  and  the  canons  of  the  same  city  to  have  the  same 
liberty  which  our  predecessors  ought  to  have  granted  to  them  and 
which  we  ought  to.  Also,  on  account  of  the  above-mentioned 
conventions  or  on  account  of  this  charter,  we  shall  not  be  liable 
to  lawsuit  except  in  our  own  courts. 

In  order,  moreover,  that  these  [decrees]  may  be  kept  more  care- 
fully and  may  be  established  forever  by  a  fixed  law,  we  have  de- 
cided that  our  present  provost  and  the  people  of  Paris  shall  affirm 
by  an  oath,  in  the  presence  of  the  scholars,  that  they  will  carry 
out  in  good  faith  all  the  above-mentioned.  And  always  in  the 
future,  whosoever  receives  from  us  the  office  of  provost  in  Paris, 
among  the  other  initiatory  acts  of  his  office,  namely,  on  the  first 
or  second  Sunday,  in  one  of  the  churches  of  Paris,— after  he  has 
been  summoned  for  the  purpose, — shall  affirm  by  an  oath,  publicly 

1  See  Rashdall,  I,  297  ff. 

3  Btirgensia  was  the  fixed  annual  tax  which  a  burgher  paid  to  the  lord  of 
the  borough  on  the  dwellings  which  he  owned  in  the  borough.  Ducange. 

*  Rcsidentia  was  the  right  of  a  feudal  lord  to  compel  a  vassal  or  tenant  to 
live  within  the  confines  of  his  fief  or  to  have  a  dwelling  there.  Ducange. 


STATUTES   OF  GREGORY   IX.  FOR   UNIVERSITY  OF  PARIS.         7 

in  the  presence  of  the  scholars,  that  he  will  keep  in  good  faith  all 
the  above-mentioned.  And  that  these  decrees  may  be  valid  for- 
ever, we  have  ordered  this  document  to  be  confirmed  by  the 
authority  of  our  seal  and  by  the  characters  of  the  royal  name, 
signed  below. 

Done  near  Betisi  in  the  i2ooth  year  of  the  Incarnation  of  out 
Lord,  in  the  2ist  year  of  our  reign,  those  being  present  in  oui 
palace  whose  names  and  signs  are  placed  below. 

The  office  of  Seneschal  vacant.  Seal  of  Guy,  the  Cup-bearer. 
Seal  of  Matthew,  the  Chamberlain.  Seal  of  Drogo,  the  Constable. 
Done  during  a  vacancy  (monogram)  in  the  Chancellorship. 

STATUTES  OF  GREGORY IX.  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF 
PARIS*    1231. 

Char.  Univ.  Paris.  I,  No.  79,  p.  136.     Latin. 

Gregory,  the  bishop,  servant  of  the  servants  of  God,  to  his  h^ 
loved  sons,  all  the  masters  and  students  at  Paris — greeting  an? 
apostolic  benediction. 

Paris,  the  mother  of  sciences,  like  another  Cariath  Sepher,  r, 
city  of  letters,  stands  forth  illustrious,  great  indeed,  but  concern- 
ing herself  she  causes  greater  things  to  be  desired,  full  of  favor 
for  the  teachers  and  students.  There,  as  in  a  special  factory  of 
wisdom,  she  has  silver  as  the  beginnings  of  her  veins,  and  of  gold 
is  the  spot  in  which  according  to  law  they  flow  together;  from 
which  the  prudent  mystics  of  eloquence  fabricate  golden  necklaces 
inlaid  with  silver,  and  making  collars  ornamented  with  precious 
stones  of  inestimable  value,  adorn  and  decorate  the  spouse  of 
Christ.  There  the  iron  is  raised  from  the  earth,  because,  when 
the  earthly  fragility  is  solidified  by  strength,  the  breastplate  of 
faith,  the  sword  of  the  spirit,  and  the  other  weapons  of  the  Chris- 
tian soldier,  powerful  against  the  brazen  powers,  are  formed  from 
it.  And  the  stone  melted  by  heat,  is  turned  into  brass,  because 
the  hearts  of  stone,  enkindled  by  the  fervor  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  at 
times  glow,  burn  and  become  sonorous,  and  by  preaching  herald 
the  praises  of  Christ. 

Accordingly,  it  is  undoubtedly  very  displeasing  to  God  and 
men  that  any  one  in  the  aforesaid  city  should  strive  in  any  waj7"  to 

1  For  cause  of  these  Statutes  see  M.  Paris:  Chron.  major.  Ill,  166  ff,  in 
Rolls  Series,  or  Rashdall,  I,  335-6. 


8  TRANSLATIONS  AND   REPRINTS. 

disturb  so  illustrious  grace,  or  should  not  oppose  himself  openly 
and  with  all  his  strength  to  any  who  do  so.  Wherefore,  since  we 
have  diligently  investigated  the  questions  referred  to  us  concern- 
ing a  dissension  which,  through  the  instigation  of  the  devil,  has 
arisen  there  and  greatly  disturbed  the  university,  we  have  de- 
cided, by  the  advice  of  our  brethren,  that  these  should  be  set  at 
rest  rather  by  precautionary  measures,  than  by  a  judicial  sentence. 

Therefore,  concerning  the  condition  of  the  students  and  schools, 
we  have  decided  that  the  following  should  be  observed:  each  chan- 
cellor, appointed  hereafter  at  Paris,  at  the  time  of  his  installation, 
in  the  presence  of  the  bishop,  or  at  the  command  of  the  latter  in  the 
chapter  at  Paris — two  masters  of  the  students  having  been  sum- 
moned for  this  purpose  and  present  in  behalf  of  the  university — 
shall  swear  that,  in  good  faith,  according  to  his  conscience,  he 
will  not  receive  as  professors  of  theology  and  canon  law  any  but 
suitable  men,  at  a  suitable  place  and  time,  according  to  the  con- 
dition of  the  city  and  the  honor  and  glory  of  those  branches  of 
learning;  and  he  will  reject  all  who  are  unworthy  without  respect 
to  persons  or  nations.  Before  licensing  any  one,  during  three 
months,  dating  from  the  time  when  the  license  is  requested,  the 
.chancellor  shall  make  diligent  inquiries  of  all  the  masters  of 
theology  present  in  the  city,  and  of  all  other  honest  and  learned 
men  through  whom  the  truth  can  be  ascertained,  concerning  the 
life  knowledge,  capacity,  purpose,  prospects  and  other  qualities 
needful  in  such  persons;  and  after  the  inquiries,  in  good  faith  and 
according  to  his  conscience,  he  shall  grant  or  deny  the  license  to 
the  candidate,  as  shall  seem  fitting  and  expedient.  The  masters 
of  theology  and  canon  law,  when  they  begin  to  lecture,  shall  take 
a  public  oath  that  they  will  give  true  testimony  on  the  above 
points.  The  chancellor  shall  also  swear,  that  he  will  in  no  way 
reveal  the  advice  of  the  masters,  to  their  injury;  the  liberty  and 
privileges  being  maintained  in  their  full  vigor  for  the  canons  at 
Paris,  as  they  were  in  the  beginning.  Moreover,  the  chancellor 
shall  promise  to  examine  in  good  faith  the  masters  in  medicine 
and  arts  and  in  the  other  branches,  to  admit  only  the  worthy  and 
to  reject  the  unworthy. 

In  other  matters,  because  confusion  easity  creeps  in  where  there 
is  no  order,  we  grant  to  you  the  right  of  making  constitutions 
and  ordinances  regulating  the  manner  and  time  of  lectures  and 
disputations,  the  costume  to  be  worn,  the  burial  of  the  dead;  and 


OF   GREGORY   IX.  FOR  UNIVERSITY  OF   PARIS.         9 

also  conceding  the  bachelors,  who  are  to  lecture  and  at  what 
hours,  and  on  what  they  are  to  lecture;  and  concerning  the  prices 
of  the  lodgings  or  the  interdiction  of  the  same;  and  concerning  a 
fit  punishment  for  those  who  violate  your  constitutions  or  ordi- 
nances, by  exclusion  from  your  society.  And  if,  perchance,  the 
assessment  of  the  lodgings  is  taken  from  you,  or  anything  else  is 
lacking,  or  an  injury  or  outrageous  damage,  such  as  death  or  the 
mutilation  of  a  limb,  is  inflicted  on  one  of  you,  unless  through  a 
suitable  admonition  satisfaction  is  rendered  within  fifteen  days, 
you  may  suspend  your  lectures  until  you  have  received  full  satis- 
faction. And  if  it  happens  that  any  one  of  you  is  unlawfully 
imprisoned,  unless  the  injury  ceases  on  a  remonstrance  from  you, 
you  may,  if  you  judge  it  expedient,  suspend  your  lectures  imme- 
diately. 

We  command,  moreover,  that  the  bishop  of  Paris  shall  so  chas- 
tise the  excesses  of  the  guilty,  that  the  honor  of  the  student  shall 
be  preserved  and  evil  deeds  shall  not  remain  unpunished.  But 
in  no  way  shall  the  innocent  be  seized  on  account  of  the  guilty; 
nay  rather,  if  a  probable  suspicion  arises  against  any  one,  he  shall 
be  detained  honorably  and  on  giving  suitable  bail  he  shall  be 
freed,  without  any  exactions  from  the  jailors.  But  if,  perchance, 
such  a  crime  has  been  committed  that  imprisonment  is  necessary, 
the  bishop  shall  detain  the  criminal  in  his  prison.  The  chan- 
cellor is  forbidden  to  keep  him  in  his  prison.  We  also  forbid 
holding  a  student  for  a  debt  contracted  by  another,  since  this  is 
interdicted  by  canonical  and  legitimate  sanctions.  Neither  the 
bishop,  nor  his  officials  nor  the  chancellor  shall  exact  a  pecuniary 
penalty  for  removing  an  excommunication  or  any  other  censure  of 
any  kind.  Nor  shall  the  chancellor  demand  from  the  masters 
who  are  licensed  an  oath,  or  obedience,  or  any  pledge;  nor  shall 
he  receive  any  emolument  or  promise  for  granting  a  license,  but 
be  content  with  the  above-mentioned  oath. 

Also,  the  vacation  in  summer  is  not  to  exceed  one  month,  and 
the  bachelors,  if  they  wish,  can  continue  their  lectures  in  vacation 
time.  Moreover,  we  prohibit  more  expressly  the  students  from 
carrying  weapons  in  the  city,  and  the  university  from  protecting 
those  who  disturb  the  peace  and  study.  And  those  who  call 
themselves  students,  but  do  not  frequent  the  schools,  or  acknowl- 
edge any  master,  are  in  no  way  to  enjoy  the  liberties  of  the 
students. 


10  TRANSLATIONS  AND  REPRINTS. 

Moreover,  we  order  that  the  masters  in  arts  shall  alway  read 
one  lecture  on  Priscian,1  and  one  book  after  the  other  in  the  regular 
courses.  Those  books  on  natural  philosophy  which  for  a  certain 
reason  were  prohibited  in  a  provincial  council,2  are  not  to  be  used 
at  Paris  until  they  have  been  examined  and  purged  of  all  sus- 
picion of  error.  The  masters  and  students  in  theology  shall 
strive  to  exercise  themselves  laudably  in  the  branch  which  they 
profess;  they  shall  not  show  themselves  philosophers,3  but  they 
shall  strive  to  become  God's  learned.  And  they  shall  not  speak 
in  the  language  of  the  people,  confounding  the  sacred  language 
with  the  profane.4  In  the  schools  they  shall  dispute  only  on  such 
questions  as  can  be  determined  by  theological  books  and  the 
writings  of  the  holy  fathers. 

Also,  about  the  property  of  the  scholars  who  die  intestate  or  do 
not  commit  the  arrangement  of  their  affairs  to  others,  we  have 
determined  to  arrange  thus :  namely,  that  the  bishop  and  one  of 
the  masters,  whom  the  university  shall  appoint  for  this  purpose, 
shall  receive  all  the  property  of  the  defunct,  and  placing  it  in  a 
suitable  and  safe  spot,  shall  fix  a  certain  date,  before  which  his 
death  can  be  announced  in  his  native  country,  and  those  who 
ought  to  succeed  to  his  property  may  come  to  Paris  or  send  a  suit- 
able messenger.  And  if  they  come  or  send,  the  goods  shall  be 
restored  to  them,  with  the  security  which  shall  have  been  given. 
If  no  one  appears,  then  the  bishop  and  masters  shall  expend  the 
property  for  the  soul  of  the  departed,  as  seems  expedient ;  unless, 
perchance,  the  heirs  shall  have  been  prevented  from  coming  by 
some  good  reason.  In  that  case,  the  distribution  shall  be  deferred 
to  a  fitting  time. 

*See  page  12. 

8  See  Chart.  Univ.  Paris.  I,  No.  n,  and  page  12,  below. 

1  An  oft  repeated  injunction.  The  meaning  is  that  they  are  not  to  be  led 
astray  by  vain  subtleties.  Not  infrequently  skill  in  dialectics  led  to  heresy. 
(Cf.  letter  of  Stephen  of  Tournai,  printed  in  Denifle,  Universitaten  I,  746, 
n.)  The  character  of  much  of  the  training  at  Paris  at  this  period  can  be  well 
illustrated  by  Guil.  Cambrensis*  old  story  (Gemma  Ecclesiastica,  Rolls 
Series,  II,  350).  The  student  just  returned  from  Paris,  tells  his  father  that 
he  can  prove  six  equal  to  twelve  and  illustrates  the  proof  by  the  six  eggs  on 
the  table.  When  he  finishes,  his  father  takes  all  six  eggs  and  says  the  son 
can  have  the  other  six  for  his  breakfast. 

*  The  Latin  is  Azotica,  see  Ducange. 


STATUTES   OF  GREGORY   IX.  FOR   UNIVERSITY   OF   PARIS.       II 

Truly,  because  the  masters  and  students,  who  harassed  by 
damages  and  injuries,  have  taken  a  mutual  oath  to  depart  from 
Paris  and  have  broken  up  the  school,  have  seemed  to  be  waging 
a  contest  not  so  much  for  their  own  benefit  as  for  the  common 
good ;  we,  consulting  the  needs  and  advantages  of  the  whole 
church,  wish  and  command  that  after  the  privileges  have  been 
granted  to  the  masters  and  students  by  our  most  dearly  beloved 
son  in  Christ,  the  illustrious  king  of  the  French,  and  amends 
have  been  paid  by  the  malefactors,  they  shall  study  at  Paris  .aid 
shall  not  be  marked  by  any  infamy  or  irregularity  on  account  of 
their  staying  away  or  return. 

It  is  not  lawful  for  any  man  whatever  to  infringe  this  deed  of 
our  provision,  constitution,  concession,  prohibition  and  inhibition 
or  to  act  contrary  to  it,  from  rash  presumption.  If  any  one,  how- 
ever, should  dare  to  attempt  this,  let  him  know  that  he  incurs 
the  wrath  of  almighty  God  and  of  the  blessed  Peter  and  Paul,  his 
apostles. 

Given  at  the  Lateran,  on  the  Ides  of  April,  in  the  fifth  year  of 
our  pontificate. 

II.    THE  COURSES  OF  STUDY. 

The  basis  of  all  study  at  a  university  was  the  course  in  arts.  Of  the  other 
faculties,  theology  was  best  represented  at  Paris,  law  at  Bologna,  medicine 
at  Salerno.  The  study  of  civil  law  and  medicine  was  discouraged  by  the 
church,  but  in  vain.  The  latter  had  long  flourished  at  Salerno  and,  owing 
to  the  new  knowledge  acquired  by  contact  with  the  Arabs  and  Greeks,  was 
making  comparatively  rapid  progress  in  the  thirteenth  century.  But  the 
medical  faculty  became  much  more  prominent  in  the  next  century.  The 
study  of  civil  law  flourished  in  the  twelfth  century  at  Bologna  and  easily 
maintained  its  position  later.  In  Roger  Bacon's  Compendium  studii  philos- 
ophiae,  ch.  IV.  (Opera  ined.,  Vol.  I,  in  Rolls  Series),  we  have  a  vivid  pic- 
ture of  the  prominence  of  the  civil  law  and  of  the  church's  dislike  of  it. 

Robert  de  Courcon's  statutes  lay  down  the  course  in  arts  and  enumerate 
carefully  the  books  to  be  studied.  (Consult  also  Chart.  I,  No.  246. )  There 
was  no  need  for  him  to  specify  the  books  for  the  course  in  theology,  as  will 
appear  below.  It  is  significant  that  he  does  not  mention  the  law  or  medical 
students.  Note  also  that  the  students  are  expected  not  only  to  learn,  but 
also  to  teach. 

In  spite  of  the  great  preponderance  of  biblical  books  given  by  Stephen  of 
Canterbury,  the  Sentences  of  Peter  Lombard  formed  the  more  important 
part  of  the  course  in  theology.  The  latter  was  expounded  in  the  regular 
courses,  the  Bible  in  the  extraordinary  courses.  (See  Roger  Bacon  in 
Chart.  I,  No.  419.)  The  exposition  of  these  two  books  formed  practically 


i2  TRANSLATIONS  AND   REPRINTS. 

the  whole  instruction.  But  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  theological 
students  had  already  passed  through  the  course  in  arts. 

Anatomy  was  considered  sacrilegious,  although  required  by  Frederick  II. 
at  Naples.  The  instruction  in  medicine  was  similar  to  that  in  all  other 
branches.  The  students  heard  the  standard  books  explained,  but  had  no 
opportunities  for  practice.  Rashdall,  I,  428-430  discusses  this  subject. 

There  is  not  space  for  a  satisfactory  document  on  the  course  in  law.  It  is 
well  summed  up  in  Compayre\ 

On  all  of  these  subjects,  consult  Histoire  litte"raire  de  la  France,  Vol. 
XVI,  and  for  the  studies  included  in  the  Trivium  and  Quadrivium,  Ibid.t 
VoL  XXIV,  384,  ff. 

STATUTES  OF  ROBERT  DE  COURfON  FOR  PARIS.    1215. 

Chart.  Univ.  Paris.  I,  No.  20,  p.  78.     Latin. 

R. ,  servant  of  the  cross  of  Christ,  by  the  divine  mercy  cardinal 
priest  with  the  title  of  St.  Stephen  in  Monte  Celio  and  legate  of  the 
apostolic  seat,  to  all  the  masters  and  scholars  at  Paris — eternal 
safety  in  the  Lord. 

Let  all  know,  that  having  been  especially  commanded  by  the 
lord  pope  to  devote  our  energy  effectively  to  the  betterment  of  the 
condition  of  the  students  at  Paris,  and  wishing  by  the  advice  of 
good  men  to  provide  for  the  tranquility  of  the  students  in  the 
future,  we  have  ordered  and  prescribed  the  following  rules: 

No  one  is  to  lecture  at  Paris  in  arts  before  he  is  twenty  years 
old.  He  is  to  listen  in  arts  at  least  six  years,  before  he  begins  to 
lecture.  He  is  to  promise  that  he  will  lecture  for  at  least  two 
years,  unless  he  is  prevented  by  some  good  reason,  which  he 
ought  to  prove  either  in  public  or  before  the  examiners.  He 
must  not  be  smirched  by  any  infamy.  When  he  is  ready  to 
lecture,  each  one  is  to  be  examined  according  to  the  form  con- 
tained in  the  letter1  of  lord  P.  bishop  of  Paris  (in  which  is  con- 
tained the  peace  established  between  the  chancellor  and  the 
students  by  the  judges  appointed  by  the  lord  pope,  approved  and 
confirmed  namely  by  the  bishop  and  deacon  of  Troyes  and  by  P. 
the  bishop,  and  J.  the  chancellor  of  Paris). 

The  treatises  of  Aristotle  on  logic,  both  the  old  and  the  new,' 

1  See  No.  16  in  the  same  volume. 

•The  "old  logic"  (Vetus  logica)  is  a  little  indefinite.  According  to 
Chartularium  I,  No.  246  (A.  D.  1255),  where  the  term  is  defined,  it  included 
the  liber  Porphyrii,  or  Introduction  to  the  Categories  of  Aristotle;  the  Pre- 


STATUTES  OF  ROBERT  DE  COUR£ON  FOR  PARIS.      13 

are  to  be  read  in  the  schools  in  the  regular  and  not  in  the  extra- 
ordinary courses.1  The  two  Priscians,*  or  at  least  the  second,  are 
also  to  be  read  in  the  schools  in  the  regular  courses.  On  the 
feast-days3  nothing  is  to  be  read  except  philosophy,  rhetoric, 
guadrivialia*  the  Barbarisms,5  the  Ethics,6  if  one  so  chooses,  and 
the  fourth  book  of  the  Topics.7  The  books  of  Aristotle  on  Meta- 
physics or  Natural  Philosophy,8  or  the  abridgements  of  these 
works,  are  not  to  be  read,  nor  "the  doctrine  "  of  master  David  de 
Dinant,9  of  the  heretic  Almaric,10  or  of  Maurice  of  Spain.11 

In  the  inceptions12  and  meetings  of  the  masters  and  in  the  con- 
futations or  arguments  of  the  boys  or  youths  there  are  to  be  no 

dicamenta  (Categories);  the  Hermeneia  (Interpretations);  and  the  Divisions 
and  Topics  (except  the  fourth  book)  of  Boethius.  But  in  Chart.  I,  No.  201 
(A.  D.  1252),  only  the  Predicamenta  and  Hermeneia  seem  to  be  included. 
These  two  were  always  constituent  parts  and  generally  the  liber  Porphyrii. 
At  what  date — before  1255 — the  two  books  by  Boethius  were  added  is  very 
uncertain. 

The  "new  logic"  (Nova  logica)  included  the  Topica,  the  Elenchi,  the 
Analytica  priora  and  posteriora. 

1  For  a  discussion  of  the  differences  between  the  two  kinds  of  courses,  see 
Compayre",  173,  n.,  or  Rashdall,  I,  426. 

2  The  first  sixteen  books  of  Priscian's  Institutiones  Grammaticse  were 
called  the  Priscianus  major  or  magnus;  the  last  two  the  Priscianus  minor. 

3  There  were  nearly  100  holidays  each  year. 

4  Books  relating  to  the  subjects  included  in  the  quadrivium,  viz.,  arith- 
metic, geometry,  music  and  astronomy. 

6  The  third  book  of  the  Ars  major  of  Donatus. 
8  Nichomachean  Ethics  of  Aristotle. 

7  The  Topics  of  Boethius,  of  which  the  other  three  books  are  included  in 
the  "Vetus  logica." 

8  See  Chart.  I,  No.  n. 

9  Disciple  of  Almaric  (next  note).     Probably  died  before  1209.    See  His- 
toire  litte'raire,  Vol.  XVI,  p.  588;  Rashdall,  II,  356. 

10  Almaric  was  one  of  the  most  renowned  teachers  at  Paris  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  thirteenth  century.     He  adopted  the  ideas  of  Aristotle's  meta- 
physics and  attempted  to  reconcile  them  with  the  teachings  of  the  Bible. 
His  book,  Physion,  was  condemned  in  1204,  and  he  died  between  1204  and 
1209.     His  disciples  expanded  his  ideas  and  called  the  pope  Anti-christ. 
See  Hist.  litt.  XVI,  [586  ff. 

11  We  know  nothing  of  Maurice. 

12  Principium  is  the  act  of  obtaining  the  grade  of  doctor.     Ducange. 


14  TRANSITIONS  AND  REPRINTS. 

festivities.  But  they  may  call  in  some  friends  or  associates,  but 
only  a  few.  We  also  advise  that  donations  of  garments  and  other 
things  be  made,  as  is  customary  or  even  to  a  greater  extent,  and 
especially  to  the  poor.  No  master  lecturing  in  arts  is  to  wear 
anything  except  a  cope,  round  and  black  and  reaching  to  the 
heels — at  least,  when  it  is  new.  But  he  may  well  wear  a  pallium.1 
He  is  not  to  wear  under  the  round  cope  embroidered  shoes  and 
never  any  with  long  bands. 

If  any  one  of  the  students  in  arts  or  theology  dies,  half  of  the 
masters  of  arts  are  to  go  the  funeral,  and  the  other  half  to  the 
next  funeral.  They  are  not  to  withdraw  until  the  burial  is  com- 
pleted, unless  they  have  some  good  reason.  If  any  master  of  arts 
or  theology  dies,  all  the  masters  are  to  be  present  at  the  vigils, 
each  one  is  to  read  the  psalter  or  have  it  read.  Each  one  is  to  re- 
main in  the  church,  where  the  vigils  are  celebrated,  until  mid- 
night or  later,  unless  prevented  by  some  good  reason.  On  the 
day  when  the  master  is  buried,  no  one  is  to  lecture  or  dispute.  • 

We  fully  confirm  to  them  the  meadow  of  St.  Germain  in  the 
condition  in  which  it  was  adjudged  to  them.2 

Each  master  is  to  have  jurisdiction  over  his  scholars.  No  one 
is  to  receive  either  schools  or  a  house  without  the  consent  of  the 
occupant,  if  he  is  able  to  obtain  it.  No  one  is  to  receive  a  license 
from  the  chancellor  or  any  one  else  through  a  gift  of  money,  or 
furnishing  a  pledge  or  making  an  agreement.  Also,  the  masters 
and  students  can  make  among  themselves  or  with  others  agree- 
ments and  regulations,  confirmed  by  a  pledge,  penalty  or  oath, 
about  the  following  matters:  namely,  if  a  student  is  killed,  muti- 
lated or  receives  some  outrageous  injury  and  if  justice  is  not  done; 
for  taxing  the  rent  of  Hospitia;  concerning  the  dress,  burial,  lec- 
tures and  disputations;  in  such  a  manner,  however,  that  the  uni- 
versity is  not  scattered  nor  destroyed  on  this  account. 

We  decide  concerning  the  theologians,  that  no  one  shall  lecture 
at  Paris  before  he  is  thirty-five  years  old,  and  not  unless  he  has 
studied  at  least  eight  years,3  and  has  heard  the  books  faithfully 
and  in  the  schools.  He  is  to  listen  in  theology  for  five  years,  be- 

1  Proper  garment  for  a  monk. 
•See  Chart.  Introd.  No.  47. 

8  At  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century  the  course  was  prolonged  to 
fourteen  years. 


THEOLOGICAL  BOOKS  GIVEN  TO  THE  UNIVERSITY  AT  PARIS.       15 

fore  he  reads  his  own  lectures  in  public.  No  one  of  them  is  to 
lecture  before  the  third  hour  on  the  days  when  the  masters  lec- 
ture. No  one  is  to  be  received  at  Paris  for  the  important  lectures 
or  sermons  unless  he  is  of  approved  character  and  learning. 
There  is  to  be  no  student  at  Paris  who  does  not  have  a  regular 
master. 

In  order  moreover  that  these  may  be  inviolably  observed,  all 
who  presume  contumaciously  to  violate  these  our  statutes,  unless 
they  take  care,  within  fifteen  days  from  the  date  of  the  transgres- 
sion, to  correct  their  presumption  in  the  presence  of  the  university 
of  masters  and  scholars,  or  in  the  presence  of  some  appointed  by 
the  university,  by  the  authority  of  the  legation  with  which  we  are 
entrusted,  we  bind  with  the  bond  of  excommunication. 

Done  in  the  year  of  grace  1215,  in  the  month  of  August. 

LIBRARY  OF  THEOLOGICAL  BOOKS  GIVEN  TO  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  PARIS.     1271. 

Chart.  Univ.  Paris.  I,  No.  437,  p.  493.     Latin. 

To  all  the  officers  of  the  court  at  Paris  who  shall  read  this 
document,  greeting  in  the  Lord.  We  make  known  that  John  of 
Orleans,  constituted  master  in  our  presence,  canon  and  chancellor 
of  Paris,  acknowledges  and  admits  that  he  has  received  and  had 
from  the  venerable  man  master  Nicholas,  arch-deacon  of  the 
church  at  Paris,  formerly  chancellor  of  the  aforesaid  church  at 
Paris,  the  books  named  below — to  be  lent  to  the  poor  students 
studying  theology, — according  to  a  certain  clause  contained  in  the 
will  of  master  Stephen  of  blessed  memory,  formerly  arch-deacon  of 
Canterbury,  which  is  inserted  in  the  present  document,  as  follows: 

I  will  and  command  that  my  books  on  theology  shall  be  deliv- 
ered to  the  chancellor  of  Paris  who,  for  the  sake  of  piety,  shall 
lend  them  to  poor  students  studying  theology  at  Paris  who  are 
without  books ;  in  such  a  manner,  however,  that  each  chancellor, 
each  year,  shall  receive  back  the  aforesaid  books  and  after  re- 
ceiving them  shall  again  deliver  and  lend  them,  each  year,  to  the 
poor  students,  as  shall  seem  expedient. 

The  names  of  the  books  are  as  follows:  the  Bible  complete, 
with  a  glossary.  Also,  Genesis  and  Exodus,  glossed,  in  one  vol- 
ume. Also,  the  books  of  Solomon,  glossed,  in  one  volume.  Also, 
Exodus,  glossed  by  itself.  Also,  Job,  glossed  by  itself.  Also, 
Ezekiel,  glossed  by  itself.  Also,  the  Gospels,  glossed  by  them- 


16  TRANSLATIONS   AND   REPRINTS. 

selves,  in  one  volume.  Also,  the  Psalter,  with  a  complete  glos 
sary.  Also,  the  four  books  of  Sentences.1  Also,  the  books  of 
Numbers.  Also,  Joshua,  Judith,  Ruth,  Deuteronomy,  glossed, 
in  one  volume.  Also,  the  four  books  of  Kings,  Chronicles,  first 
and  second.  Also,  Esdras,  first  and  second  of  Maccabees,  Amos, 
glossed,  in  one  volume.  Also,  the  Twelve  Prophets,  glossed,  in 
one  volume.  Also,  the  Psalter,  glossed  and  complete.  Also,  the 
Epistles  of  Paul,  glossed.  Also,  the  Psalter,  glossed  and  com- 
plete. Also,  the  Scholastic  Histories.2  Also  the  four  Gospels, 
glossed.  Also,  the  Epistles  of  Paul,  glossed,  with  a  smaller 
glossary.  Also,  the  Psalter,  glossed  and  complete.  Also,  the 
first  and  second  books  of  Maccabees,  glossed  as  far  as  the  tenth 
chapter.  Also,  the  Gospel  of  Mark.  The  Gospels,  glossed. 

We,  the  above-mentioned  official,  have  thought  indeed  that,  in 
testimony  and  witness  of  all  the  above-mentioned,  we  ought  to 
place  on  the  present  writing  the  seal  of  the  court  at  Paris,  together 
with  the  seal  of  the  aforesaid  chancellor;  hoping  and  asking  that 
his  successors,  who  shall  be  chancellors,  shall  order  and  do  with 
the  aforesaid  books,  for  the  sake  of  the  divine  piety,  according  to 
the  contents  of  the  aforesaid  clause. 

Done  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1271,  Wednesday,  the  feast  of  the 
Apostles  Simon  and  Jude. 

Also,  the  Bible,  in  two  volumes,  with  marginal  notes,  which 
bishop  Stephen  presented.  Also,  the  original  of  the  Sentences  of 
master  Peter  Lombard,  in  a  certain  volume,  bound  in  calf,  now 
somewhat  worn,  with  round  copper  nails  in  the  covers. 

THE  COURSE  IN  MEDICINE.    1270-1274. 
Chart.  Univ.  Paris.  I,  No.  453,  p.  517.     Latin. 

This  is  the  form  for  licensing  bachelors  of  medicine.  First,  the 
master  under  whom  the  bachelor  is,  ought  to  testify  to  the  chan- 
cellor, in  the  presence  of  the  masters  called  together  for  this  pur- 
pose, concerning  the  suitability  of  licensing  the  bachelor.  He 
ought  to  prove  his  time  of  study  by  at  least  two  examinations; 
and  the  time  which  he  ought  to  have  studied  is  five  and  one-half 
years,  if  he  has  ruled  in  arts  or  has  been  a  licentiate;  or  six,  if  he 
has  not. 

1  Peter  Lombard's  work. 

*  Probably  the  Historia  Scolastica  of  Pierre  le  Mangeur,  which  is  quoted 
by  Stephen  of  Bourbon. 


CONDEMNATION  OF  ERRORS.  17 

The  course  of  study  is  as  follows  :  he  ought  to  have  heard  the 
Ars  Medica 1  twice  in  the  regular  courses  and  once  in  an  extra- 
ordinary course  with  the  exception  of  Theophilus : 2  On  Urines, 
which  it  is  sufficient  to  have  heard  once  in  either  a  regular  or  an 
extraordinary  course;  the  Viaticum*  twice  in  regular  courses: 
the  other  books  of  Isaac 4  once  in  a  regular  course,  twice  in  extra- 
ordinary courses,  except  the  Particular  Diets,  which  it  is  suf- 
ficient to  have  heard  in  an  extraordinary  or  regular  course ;  the 
Book  of  Antidotes5  of  Nicholas,  once.  The  Verses  of  ./Egidius* 
are  not  required.  Also,  he  ought  to  have  read  the  books  on 
Theory  and  Practice.7 

And  he  ought  to  swear  this.  Moreover,  if  any  one  is  convicted 
of  perjury  or  lying  he,  although  licensed,  may  be  degraded. 

III.  CONDEMNATION  OF  ERRORS. 

One  important  function  of  the  University  of  Paris  was  to  act  as  a  body 
of  expert  witnesses  as  to  what  was  heretical.  They  did  not  hesitate  to  con- 
demn even  the  utterances  of  a  pope.  Peter  Lombard,  their  great  master 
and  authority,  was  harshly  criticised  and  eighteen  errors  were  found  in  his 
writings.  (See  Chart.  I,  No.  194,  for  eight  of  these  errors.)  The  following 
heresies  are  printed  here  as  examples  of  the  kind  of  problems  on  which  the 
students  were  exercising  their  reason. 

TEN  ERRORS  CONDEMNED  AT  PARIS,*  Jan.  /j,  1241. 

Chart.  Univ.  Paris.  I,  No.  128,  p.  170.     Latin. 

These  are  the  ariicles  rejected  as  contrary  to  true  theology  and 
1  Rashdall,  I,  429  seems  to  identify  this  with  the  Liber  Tegni  of  Galen. 

*  Theophilus  "  was  a  Byzantine  physician,  said  to  have  lived  in  the  seventh 
century  A.  D."     (Rashdall.) 

1  Composed  by  Abu  Djafar  Ahmad,  disciple  of  Isaac.  Cf.  Journal  Asiatique, 
Ve  se"rie,  t.  I,  p.  289  ff. 

*  A  Jewish  physician  who  wrote  a  Liber  dietarum  universalium,  Liber 
dietarum  particularium,  Liber  urinarum,  Liber  febrium^  all  translated 
from  the  Arabic  by  Constantine  the  African. 

5  Book  of  Antidotes  was  then  used  in  about  the  same  sense  as  Book  of 
Medicaments.     This  one  was  by  Nicholas  of  Salerno. 

6  ^Egidius  of  Corbeil  taught  at  Paris  under  Philip  Augustus.     He  wrote  his 
works  in  verse.     Cf.  Histoire  litt.  XXI,  333,  840. 

7  By  this  Denifle  thinks  the  Opus  Pantegni,  by  AH  ben  Abb^s,  is  meant. 
This  was  divided  into  Theory  and  Practice.     It  was  sometimes  attributed  to 
Constantine  the  African. 

8Cf.  M.  Paris.  Chron.  Major.  (Rolls  Series),  IV,  281  ff. 


1 8  TRANSLATIONS  AND  REPRINTS. 

condemned  by  Odo,  the  chancellor  of  Paris,  and  the  masters  ruling 
in  theology  at  Paris,  in  the  year  of  our  L,ord  1240,  on  the  second 
Sunday  after  the  octaves  of  Christmas. 

The  first  [error]  is,  that  the  Divine  essence  in  itself  will  not  be 
seen  by  any  man  or  angel. 

We  condemn  this  error,  and  by  the  authority  of  William,  the 
bishop,  we  excommunicate  those  who  assert  and  defend  it.  More- 
over, we  firmly  believe  and  assert  that  God  in  His  essence  or  sub- 
stance will  be  seen  by  the  angels  and  all  saints,  and  is  seen  by 
glorified  spirits. 

The  second,  that  although  the  Divine  essence  is  one  in  Father, 
Son  and  Holy  Ghost,  nevertheless  that  as  far  as  regards  form  it  is 
one  in  Father  and  Son,  but  not  one  in  these  with  the  Holy  Ghost, 
and  yet  this  form  is  the  same  as  the  Divine  essence. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  the  essence 
or  substance  is  one  in  the  Father  and  Son  and  Holy  Ghost,  and 
the  essence  is  the  same  in  regard  to  form. 

The  third,  that  the  Holy  Ghost,  as  it  is  a  bond  of  affection  or 
love,  does  not  proceed  from  the  Son,  but  only  from  the  Father. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  as  it  is  a 
bond  of  affection  or  love,  it  proceeds  from  both. 

The  fourth,  that  glorified  spirits  are  not  in  the  empyreal  heaven 
with  the  angels,  nor  will  the  glorified  bodies  be  there,  but  in  the 
aqueous  or  crystalline  heaven,  which  is  above  the  firmament; 
which  they  also  presume  to  think  concerning  the  blessed  Virgin. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  angels  and 
sanctified  souls  and  corporeal  bodies  will  occupy  the  same  corpor- 
eal place,  namely,  the  empyreal  heaven. 

The  fifth,  that  the  bad  angel  was  bad  from  his  very  creation, 
and  never  was  anything  but  bad. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  he  was 
created  good,  and  afterward  through  sinning  be  became  bad. 

The  sixth,  that  an  angel  can  at  the  same  moment  be  in  different 
places  and  can  be  omnipresent  if  he  chooses. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  an  angel  is  in 
one  definite  place;  so  that,  if  he  is  here,  he  is  not  elsewhere  at  the 
same  moment;  for  it  is  impossible  that  he  should  be  omnipresent, 
for  this  is  peculiar  to  God  alone. 

The  seventh,  that  many  truths,  which  are  not  God,  have  existed 
eternally. 


UFE  OF  THE  STUDENTS.  19 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  one  truth 
alone,  which  is  God,  has  existed  eternally. 

The  eighth,  that  the  beginning,  the  present  time,  the  creation 
and  the  passion  may  not  have  been  created. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  each  is  both 
created  and  creature. 

The  ninth,  that  he  who  has  greater  talents,  will  of  necessity 
have  greater  grace  and  glory. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  God  will 
give  grace  and  glory  to  each  one  according  to  what  he  has  de- 
cided and  fore-ordained. 

The  tenth,  that  the  bad  angel  never  had  ground  whereon  he 
was  able  to  stand,  nor  even  Adam  in  his  state  of  innocence. 

We  condemn  this  error,  for  we  firmly  believe  that  each  one 
had  ground  whereon  he  was  able  to  stand,  but  not  anything  by 
which  he  was  able  to  profit. 

IV.  LIFE  OF  THE  STUDENTS. 

{  ^  $v  The  testimony  is  unanimous  as  to  the  evil  life  of  a  large  proportion  of  the 
students.  It  was  inevitable  that  young  men — in  many  cases,  mere  boys — 
living  under  practically  no  restraint  and  not  subject  to  the  full  penalties  of 
the  law,  should  have  been  boisterous  and  obstreperous.  Many  of  the  so- 
called  students  resorted  to  the  universities  simply  for  enjoyment  and  with 
no  idea  of  study.  Conflicts  between  the  different  nations  were  every  day 
occurrences.  Town  and  gown  rows  were  frequent.  But  the  citizens  as  a 
rule  seem  to  have  been  favorably  disposed  toward  the  students. 

In  the  Chartularium  of  Paris  there  are  many  proofs  of  the  evil  lives  led 
by  a  part  of  students,  (see  Vol.  I,  Nos.  60,  197,  425,  etc.).  But  Jacques  de 
Vitry  is  preferred  here  because  of  his  account  of  the  jealousies  among  the 
different  nations.  The  first  part  of  his  description  is  very  characteristic,  but 
cannot  be  quoted. 

LIFE  OF  THE  STUDENTS  AT  PARIS. 

Jacobus  de  Vitriaco:  Hist,  occid.  Bk.  II,  Ch.  VII.  I^ttin. 
Almost  all  the  students  at  Paris,  foreigners  and  natives,  did 
absolutely  nothing  except  learn  or  hear  something  new.  Some 
studied  merely  to  acquire  knowledge,  which  is  curiosity;  others  to 
acquire  fame,  which  is  vanity;  others  still  for  the  sake  of  gain, 
which  is  cupidity  and  the  vice  of  simony.  Very  few  studied  for 
their  own  edification,  or  that  of  others.  They  wrangled  and  dis- 
puted not  merely  about  the  various  sects  or  about  some  discus- 


2O  TRANSLATIONS   AND   REPRINTS. 

sions;  but  the  differences  between  the  countries  also  caused  dis- 
sensions, hatreds  and  virulent  animosities  among  them,  and  they 
impudently  uttered  all  kinds  of  affronts  and  insults  against  one 
another. 

They  affirmed  that  the  English  were  drunkards  and  had  tails;1 
the  sons  of  France  proud,  effeminate  and  carefully  adorned  like 
women.  They  said  that  the  Germans  were  furious  and  obscene 
at  their  feasts;  the  Normans,  vain  and  boastful;  the  Poitevins, 
traitors  and  always  adventurers.  The  Burgundians  they  con- 
sidered vulgar  and  stupid.  The  Bretons  were  reputed  to  be 
fickle  and  changeable,  and  were  often  reproached  for  the  death  of 
Arthur.  The  Lombards  were  called  avaricious,  vicious  and 
cowardly;  the  Romans,  seditious,  turbulent  and  slanderous;  the 
Sicilians,  tyrannical  and  cruel;  the  inhabitants  of  Brabant,  men 
of  blood,  incendiaries,  brigands  and  ravishers;  the  Flemish, 
fickle,  prodigal,  gluttonous,  yielding  as  butter,  and  slothful. 
After  such  insults  from  words  they  often  came  to  blows. 

I  will  not  speak  of  those  logicians  before  whose  eyes  flitted 
constantly  "the  lice  of  Egypt,"  that  is  to  say,  all  the  sophistical 
subtleties,  so  that  no  one  could  comprehend  their  eloquent  dis- 
courses in  which,  as  says  Isaiah,  '  *  there  is  no  wisdom. "  As  to  the 
doctors  of  theology,  ' '  seated  in  Moses'  seat, ' '  they  were  swollen 
with  learning,  but  their  charity  was  not  edifying.  Teaching  and 
not  practicing,  they  have  "become  as  sounding  brass  or  a  tinkling 
cymbal,"  or  like  a  canal  of  stone,  always  dry,  which  ought  to 
carry  water  to  ' '  the  bed  of  spices. ' '  They  not  only  hated  one 
another,  but  by  their  flatteries  they  enticed  away  the  students  of 
others;  each  one  seeking  his  own  glory,  but  caring  not  a  whit 
about  the  welfare  of  souls. 

Having  listened  intently  to  these  words  of  the  Apostle,  '  *  If  a 
man  desire  the  office  of  a  bishop,  he  desireth  a  good  work,"  they 
kerjt  multiplying  the  prebends,  and  seeking  after  the  offices;  and 
yet  they  sought  the  work  decidedly  less  than  the  preeminence, 
and  they  desired  above  all  to  have  "the  uppermost  rooms  at 
feasts  and  the  chief  seats  in  the  synagogue,  and  greetings  in  the 
market. ' '  Although  the  Apostle  James  said,  ' '  My  brethren,  be 

1  For  the  belief  that  Englishmen  had  tails,  see  S.  Baring-Gould  :  Curious 
Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,  pp.  145  ff.  Archer,  Crusade  of  Richard  I,  26  n. 
For  characteristics  of  different  nations,  see  Wright :  Literature  and  Super- 
stitions, etc.,  I,  138 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC AL  NOTE).  21 

not  maiiy  masters,"  they  on  the  contrary  were  in  such  haste  to 
become  masters,  that  most  of  them  were  not  able  to  have  any 
students  except  by  entreaties  and  payments.  Now  it  is  safer  to 
listen  than  to  teach,  and  a  humble  listener  is  better  than  an 
ignorant  and  presumptuous  doctor.  In  short,  the  I^ord  had  re- 
served for  Himself  among  them  all  only  a  few  honorable  and 
timorous  men  who  had  not  stood  "in  the  way  of  sinners, "  nor 
sat  down  with  the  others  in  the  envenomed  seat. 


V.  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTE. 

H.  Rashdall :  The  Universities  of  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages.     2  Vols.,  Ox- 
ford, 1895. 

This  is  by  far  the  best  history  in  any  language.  The  bibliographical  ma- 
terial is  very  full.  Several  corrections  in  this  edition  are  from  Rashdall's 
work.  He  furnishes  such  full  references  to  original  material  and  secondary 
books  that  nothing  needs  to  be  added  for  students  who  have  access  to  his 
work. 

G.  Compayre :  Abelard  and  the  Origin  and  Early  History  of  Universities. 

This  furnishes  an  excellent  brief  bibliography.  It  may  well  form  an  in- 
troduction to  any  more  lengthy  study. 

The  songs  of  the  students  are  an  important  source  for  an  understanding  of 
their  life.     The  best  edition  is 
J.  A.  Schmeller  :  Carmina  Burana,  Second  Edition,  1883. 

This  gives  the  text  of  some  Latin  and  German  songsjrf  the  XIII.  Century. 
A.  P.  von  Barnstein  :  Carmina  Burana  SelectaT 1879. 

This  gives  text  and  German  translation  of  some  Latin  songs,  and  has  ex- 
cellent bibliographical  material. 

J.  A.  Symonds  :  Wine,  Women  and  Song.     1884. 

This  is  an  English  version  of  selected  songs.  The  book  is  now  scarce,  but 
a  dozen  of  the  songs  have  been  reprinted  by 

T.  B.  Mosher :  Mediaeval  Latin  Students'  Songs  in  the  Bibelot  Series. 


SERIES  FOR  1894. 

I.  Early  Reformation  Period  in  England. J     Single  number,  20  pages. 

II.  Urban  and  the  Crusaders.!    Single  number,  24  pages. 

III.  The  Reaction  after  18154     Single  number,  24  pages. 

I  V.  Letters  of  the  Crusaders. f     Double  number,  42  pages. 

V.  The  French  Revolution,  1789-1791.!     Double  number,  36  pages. 

VI.  English  Constitutional  Documents. f     Double  number,  36  pages. 

SERIES   FOR  1895. 

I.  English  Towns  and  Gilds. |     Double  number,  36  pages. 

II.  Napoleon  and  Europe. f     Double  number,  32  pages. 

III.  The  Medieval  Student.  J.    Single  number,  21  pages. 

IV.  Medieval  Sermon  Stories.*    Single  number,  20  pages. 

V.  England  in  the  Time  of  Wycliffe.+    Single  number,  20  pages. 

VI.  Period  of  Early  Reforma'  ~  2"i'   ny        Double  number,  39  pages. 

VII.  Life  of  F         >lu  nban.f  'ges. 


I.  The  :ri  s. 

II.  Stati,1  cur  gle  number,  23  pages 

III.  Perio  L--  '1:  ^r,  32  pages. 

IV.  The  jrs.  a  ;es. 

V.  Engl  ori;  ,er  32  pages. 

VI.  The  >rma  -,       pages. 


I.     The          .      hri  i     r,  32  pages. 

II.  Cano  ;reedi  i    e  number,  31  pp. 

III.  Docum          IllustraU   _  c  n\  "nber,  36  pages. 

IV.  Ordeals,     ompurgation,  .  ICO..L  -     ±^  Interdict.*     Double 

number,  34  pages. 

V.     Typical  Cahiers  of  1789.!  Double  number,  3^  pages. 

SERIES  FOR  1898. 

I.     Monumentum  Ancyranum.     91  pages. 
II.     Protest  of  the  Cour  des  Aides,  April,  1775.     viii,  154  pages. 

SERIES  FOR  1899. 

I.     French  Philosophers  of  the  Eighteenth  Century. f     Double  number 

35  pages. 

II.     The  "  X.  Y.  Z."  Letters.f     Double  number,  36  pages. 
III.    The  Early  Germans.!    Double  number,  36  pages. 
IV.     Extracts  from  the  Notitia  Dignitatum.    Double  number,  40  pages. 
V.     Laws  of  Charles  the  Great.!    Double  number.     33  pages. 

VOLUME  FOR  190O. 

Selections  from  Zwingli.     258  pages.    $1.25. 
VOLUME  FOR  19O1. 

The  Merchant  Adventurers  of  England,     xxxix,  260  pages.     $1.25. 
DEPARTMENT  OF  HISTORY, 

UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 

January,  1908.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

— *  Revised  edition.  f  Third  edition.  I  Fourth  edition. 


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